Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process ABSTRACT Fruits are important natural sources of human nutrition for regulation of several metabolic functions and maintenance of good health. They are one of the significant commercial food commodities and their economic value depends on several limiting factors. They easily undergo ripening in a shorter period of time and have a limited post-harvest existence. Fruit ripening is a common phenomenon occurring in fruits based on which they are harvested, consumed directly or processed for various purposes. It is an intricate phenomenon involving extremely synchronized, genetically encoded and an irreversible process that results in a sequence of biochemical, physical and organoleptic alterations in a fruit. This finally develops into soft, palatable and a ripe fruit which possess necessary quality characteristics. On the other hand, excessive ripening results in spoilage of fruits. Ripening is related to the modifications of cell wall polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and p ectins. Despite of several changes occurring in fruits such as loss of turgor, starch degradation and loss of contents during ripening, enzyme-catalysed variations to cell wall composition and structure are considered as main reason for softening of fruits. Pectic enzymes are a group of enzymes responsible for pectin degradation in fruits. They are termed as pectinase that includes pectic lyase, polygalacturonase, pectic methyl esterase and rhamnogalacturonase. Pectic enzymes degrade pectin resulting in softening and senescence in fruits. Pectins are the important polysaccharides occurring in middle lamella and primary cell wall. It contributes to the texture, consistency and quality of fruits. Degradation of pectin during ripening process was known to cause fruit tissue softening. Recent developments in molecular biology have helped in better understanding of fruit ripening mechanism due to enzymic activity. A review about the role of pectic enzymes on the plant cell walls to bring about softening during ripening process is discussed. Keywords: Fruits, cell wall polysaccharides, pectin, pectic enzymes, ripening INTRODUCTION Fruits are important sources of human nutrition and it is a commercially essential food commodity. Fruits are greatly specialized structures developed from a matured and pollinated ovary which have aesthetic characteristics with delicate aroma, striking colours, flavour, taste and juiciness from the edible seed vessels or receptacles (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) have indicated that fruits possess a wide variety of nutritional substances like vitamins (B-complex, C and K), phenolics and carotene providing higher energy value. They are classified as temperate, tropical and sub-tropical fruits based on their distribution in nature (Prasanna et al., 2007). When completely matured, harvesting of fruits is done. Maturity and ripening of fruits depends on their catalytic mechanism and based on the respiration pattern and biosynthesis of ethylene during ripening, harvested fruits are grouped as climacteric (capable of ripening after detachment from parent plant) and non-c limacteric (unable to continue ripening when detached from parent plant) type (Prasanna et al., 2007). Fruit ripening is an intricate irreversible phenomenon which is highly synchronized and genetically encoded causing biochemical, physiological and organoleptic alterations resulting in a ripened edible fruit (Prasanna et al., 2007). Several factors involved in ripening of fruits are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Factors involved in fruit ripening (Koning, 1994) Plant cell walls are complex structures which contain polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes. Pectin which contributes about one-third of the plant cell wall in dicots plays a crucial role in tissue development, adherence of cells, apoplastic porosity and so on (Almeida and Huber, 2007). Pectin is in control of maintenance of integrity of cell wall. It forms a cross-link between cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucans as shown in Figure 2. During ripening, pectin is greatly modified by the enzyme actions resulting in relaxing of cellular interconnections. This leads to loosening and hydrolysis of cell wall polymers which is the main reason for softening of fruit tissues (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Figure 1: Plant cell wall structure (Sticklen, 2008) Texture, an important quality attribute in fruits is altered leading to softening of fruits during ripening (Barret and Gonzalez, 1994). The mechanisms involved in fruit ripening were not understood clearly. It may be due to several factors like turgor loss, starch deprivation, loss of nutritional contents and so on (Ali et al., 2004). The major changes in texture causing softness where due to enzyme-catalysed changes in the cell wall assembly and composition, cell wall polysaccharides (pectin and cellulose) solubilization partially or completely (Waldron and Faulds, 2007). It has been studied by Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) that, Pectic constituents is an important determinant of the firmness and consistency of the fruits (Van Buren, 1991). Pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) and Pectateliase (PL) are major pectic enzymes responsible for softening of fruit tissues during ripening (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) have also indicated that, combine d action of these enzymes add to the final texture of fruit and when these enzymes undergo excessive reactions with pectin, it results in notorious softening and provides perfect conditions for microbial attack. Gwanpua et al., (2014) studied that softening is one of the significant changes occurring in climacteric fruit ripening. They were more prone to microbial infections and physical damages and may adverse during prolonged storage. Fruit firmness determines its economic value and considerable effects were taken to control softness of fruits due to enzymic action, metabolic changes and changes in storage conditions (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Softening associated with the ripening mediated by the pectic enzyme action on plant cell walls of different fruits is discussed in this study. 2. Pectic enzymes Pectinases are commonly referred to as pectic enzymes. They act upon pectin constituents of cell wall matrix resulting in softening of fruits. Polygalacturonase (PG), Pectin methyl esterase (PME), Pectin lyase (PL) are some of the major pectic enzymes classified based on their type of action involved in degradation of pectins. The modes of action of these enzymes are as shown in figure 2. Figure 3: Mode of action of pectolytic enzymes (Van Rensburg and Pretorius, 2000). PME causes de-esterification by catalysing the pectin methyl group hydrolysis (Prasanna et al., 2007). They were known to usually attack on the methyl ester linkages of a galacturonate entity which lies next to non-esterified galacturonate component. This process acts as a precondition for polygalacturonase activity (Prasanna et al., 2007). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) implicated that pectin methyl esterases (PME) were found to alter pectin in case of low methoxy pectin and in polygalacturonic acid by hydrolysis of methyl ester bonds in esterified carboxyls. It was observed that the softening process could be controlled by the control of this enzyme action in fruits like pear, grape, citrus, tomato, strawberry, arracacha, potato, papaya, kiwi and guava (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011; Prasanna et al., 2007). PG, referred as Pectolytic glycanase is an essential hydrolytic enzyme playing an important role in pectin termination (Prasanna et al., 2007). They act on pectic acids and ÃŽ ±-1, 4- glycosidic bonds are hydrolysed between the residues of galacturonic acid in galacturonans. They are categorized as endo-PG and exo-PG (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) studied that Endo-PG act randomly in pectin de-polymerization and exo-PG releases galacturonic acid by catalysing the glycosidic bonds hydrolysis from the non-reducing end of the pectic substances. It is recognized that middle lamella dissolution in the course of fruit ripening were done by PG. PL undergoes mechanism of ÃŽ ²-elimination of the glycosidic bonds (Prasanna et al., 2007). They also indicated that PL acts an endo-enzyme which acts randomly during cleavage of esterified galacturonate units. PL was known to act at methyl-ester bonds leading to beta-elimination of glycosidic bonds by formation of double bonds in galacturonic acids (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) specified that pectin lyase (PL) enzyme were responsible for cell wall degradation resulting in softening of banana and strawberries. The changes in pectin due to these enzymes action were as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Action of Pectolytic enzymes on pectin (Prasanna et al., 2007) 2.1. Role of pectic enzymes in softening during ripening in different fruit varieties Pectic enzymes play an important role in ripening of fruit by degradation of pectic substances found in fruits. Several researches were conducted in different fruit varieties and in their respective juices to understand the role of pectic enzymes in softening of fruit tissues and their intended use in preparation of fruit juices to enhance mashing of fruits, for clarification of fruit juices and also to increase the release of flavours from fruits (Whitaker, 1984). Invitro-studies of some selected fruits and their pectic enzymic activity is discussed. Besford and Hobson (1972) studied the pectic enzyme activity in tomato fruit and concluded that action of PG/ PME or transelimination by pectic transeliminase were not responsible for tomato ripening. Almedia and Huber (2008) have indicated that softening of tomato fruit during ripening were not associated with the PG activity eventhough they remained active in ripened fruit. Enzymic activities of other fruits are studied comparing with tomato as model fruit (Ali et al., 2004). Pires and Finardi-Filho (2005) have extracted PE and PG from Peruvian carrots to understand the pectic enzyme activities in carrot and found that pectinases along with amylases would act together to bring about spoilage in tubers. Owino et al., (2004) have studied about the alterations in fig fruits during ripening due to changes in cell-wall polysaccharides. They have concluded that qualitative differences in both receptacle and drupelets were observed in pectic polymers compared to the hemi-cellulosic substances. This indicates that ripening of fig is associated with modifications in pectin. Several studies were done to understand ripening of strawberries genetically as it softens rapidly (Pombo et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2006). It was observed that cell wall degradation were due to pectin dissoloution by pectic enzyme activities in strawberries which enters ripening phase quicker overlapping with the senescence. Manrique and Lajolo (2004) discussed about the cell-wall modifications in papaya fruit during postharvest ripening. They found that several enzymic actions are involved in papaya fruit during the entire period. There were notable changes in pectic polymers during papaya ripening which were mainly due to PG activity and probably due to PME as there were charge density modifications in polymers (Manrique and Lajolo, 2004). Avocado fruit undergoes pectin depolymerisation in contrast to other fruits and it was observed that it was the only fruit in which huge amounts of pectin were readily solubilizing under milder conditions (Pesis et al., 1978; Huber at al., 2001). In case of apples, exo-PG, PME and PL activity were observed to cause changes in cell wall polysaccharides (Goulao et al., 2007; Oritz et al., 2011). Studies related to cell wall modification during ripening of apples reveals that exo-PG, PME and PL activity influences softening of apples (Goulao et al., 2007). Studies by Gw anpua et al., (2014) in jonagold apples have shown that increment of PG activity occurred late during ripening and PME activity did not influence the ripening process. Cheng et al., (2011) observed that banana fruit which enters softening during ripening were associated with pectic hydrolytic activity and it was mainly due to the combined effects of PG and PME activity. Abu-Goukh and Bashir (2003) have observed that softening of guava fruit and mango were mainly due to PG and cellulose activity during ripening which resulted in drop in firmness of the fruits. Similarly in case of peaches, softening is due to depolymerisation of pectin by endo-PG activity resulting in solubilization of cell-wall polymers (Yoshioka et al., 2011). 3. CONCLUSION Pectin polymers form a gel-like matrix which provides cell-wall integrity contributing to the firmness of fruits. It stabilizes the texture and colour of the fruit based on which freshness of fruits is determined. Commercial value of fruits is based on these quality attributes. Several researches conducted on different types of fruits indicate that pectic enzymes have an important role in softening of fruit tissues during ripening. They were known to cause pectin solubilization in cell-wall matrices by different modes of action like lysis, de-esterification and glycanase activity. Research studies conducted on selected types of fruits under in-vitro conditions indicated that Polygalacturonase activity is predominant in almost all-types of fruits compare to pectin methyl-esterase and Pectic-lyase activities. Pectic enzymes were not the only factor for softening of fruits during ripening as it is influenced by several other factors like changes in pH, temperature, harvesting period, st orage conditions, physical damage, microbial attack, presence of sugars, other hydrolytic, kinetic and amylase enzymes and so on. Better understanding of mechanism of pectic enzymes on primary cell-walls of fruits would enhance the control of softening and ripening process. This in turn, will improve the quality of fruits extending its shelf-life. Recent advancements favoured the isolation of pectic enzymes commercially which is used intentionally for accelerating the maturation of fruits, added in production of fruit juices to easily crush the fruits, to solubilize the complex cell-wall matrices, to release all nutrients, to control haze formation in juices, to enhance flavour and colour characteristics of fruit juices, and so on. Recent developments in molecular biology have paved a way for genetically understanding the pectic enzyme action on primary cell-walls in fruits. Henceforth, pectic enzymes play a determining role in softening associated with ripening of fruits.

Weimar Republic Recovery Under Gustar Stressmann :: essays research papers

Gustav stresemann was chancellor and latter became foreign minister. When hyperinflation was sorted out stressmann tried to improve relations between Germany and the rest of the world but especially Britain France and the U.S.A. to avoid another financial collapse in the future all the old currency was called in and replaced by a new one the rentenmark America lent Germany 800 gold million marks to help pay for reparations and improve the standard of living of the German people this was called the dawes plan, a reasonable schedule was worked for reparations repayments to be paid over the years, even the French agreed this was acceptable. As a result of this French troops were gradually withdrawn from the Ruhr and the German industry began to recover as did the rest of the world’s economy. The republic certainly seemed to be recovering Germany hadn’t been in a more stable situation since 1919 but this resulted in a decline in support for extremist parties such as the communists and national socialists. The moderate social democrats, on the other hand, increased their support after 1924 everything seemed fine gustav had done a good job the Weimar republic were safe so it seemed. Around the 1923 there were still a few problems as Germany became dependent on the U.S.A’s lone’s but it didn’t matter at the time because Germany were experiencing the boom years everything seem brilliant. In 1929 there was a reduction in reparation under the young plan which reduced the figure by 75 %, but the depression finished off the plan before it got started. Gustav’s biggest success were that he built up a good relationship with aristide briand of France which later on led to the signing of the locarno pact in 1925 this was signed at loacrno in Switzerland. It was a group of treaties which aimed to tidy up arguments left over from the First World War. In the treaty that agreed to many different things such as, Germany promised always to observe its western borders with France and Belgium .Britain and Italy guaranteed these borders, Germany also signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, promising to use only peaceful means to alter those borders.

Why Should Drunk Drivers Be Severely Punished

There are many rule violation occur everyday in town, especially when it comes to vehicle. Some may break the rule of driving before 17-year-old. Others may drive when they are drunk. It is not quite sure which one is more dangerous, however, this essay shall explore some reasons why drunk drivers should be severely punished. Firstly, drunk drivers are absolutely forbidden since it can cause a wreak havoc in the street. Furthermore, the condition can also claim many innocent lives. People who do not realize how dangerous it is to drive while they are drunk should be given a proper education about driving.For instance, if one has a formal education about driving before they jumped to the street, they would have a better understanding about the dangerous of driving when they are drunk than those who do not receive the education. Secondly, drunk driving can not only claim innocent lives, but also can inflict financial loss to one state. Imagine how much that must be paid to fix the brok en street or other public facilities just because of one’s carelessness. In fact, it can also spend months or maybe years to rebuild the facilities.For example, if one drunk driver accidentally hit a prestigious hotel, the quantity of loss may be unthinkable to rebuild the hotel. Finally, they should be convicted to prevent if they would do the same thing again in the near future. There are many reasons to support the statement, one is to enhance the drivers’ vigilance when they are driving in the street. As a matter of fact, one would stop to repeat their mistakes if they have been penalized. In a nutshell, it is clear that drunk drivers should be severely punished from the reasons mentioned above. In my opinion, people should not drive when they are drunk to save themselves and others.

Multinational Companies and Their Social Responsibilities...

CHAPTER TWO 2.0 AN OVERVIEW OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGERIA 2.1 Introduction This chapter will provide basic knowledge of Shell Nigeria Oil Company and its operation in Nigeria, in particular regarding its ethics, performance, social involvement, contribution to national income and its contribution to keeping the environment green. Since the Rio Conference of 1992 the code of conduct for all extractive industries including crude oil mining companies has underlined the following principles that should be respected in doing business: i. Social and economic development of host communities ii. Provision of basic social services iii. Regard for Human Rights iv. Good governance and civil society involvement. There have also been some†¦show more content†¦They want the protection of the ecosystem and biodiversity of indigenous and local community territories; iv. They want the revenue sharing formula based on derivation revived at 50 percent to derivation, 35 percent to distributable common pool and 15 percent to the central government; v. They want Shell and the Nigerian government to adopt policies that will recognize indigenous communities as rightful owners in the crude oil business; vi. They want Shell to clean up their environment after many years of ecological devastation and comply with all international standards. Shell environmental legacy and community relations’ efforts deserve priority attention. What is however involved is the totality of the existence of the communities and their environment, their farmland, economic development, education health, water management, spirituality and cultural heritage – which are daily being threatened. 2.2 Introduction and Discussion of Theories and Models from the Literature In this section we would look at the Royal Dutch Shell Oil company operations worldwide and in particular the Nigeria operations from several different angles. We will look at how Shell Nigeria operations can impact upon the three stakeholders; The CEO of Shell, an investor and a local Shell employee. Then we would look at this wicked problem with the oil spill in the Niger delta. Shell is a global group of

Book Review on Managing The Dream by Warren Bennis

Introduction Managing the dream is a book written by Warren Bennis, who is one of the most renowned leadership writers. The author explores all aspects of leadership from a theoretical and a practitioner point of view. The book is a perfect representation of leadership, which comprises of numerous essays that represents the author’s thinking towards what leadership entails. Bennis focuses on the core competencies of the aspect of effective leadership, at both the individual and group level in his book. Managing the dream is a tool for team leaders and managers who aspire to be effective in their leadership roles (Bennis, 2000). This paper represents a book review of Managing the Dream by outlining the core premise and concepts from the book, the three big ideas represented in the book. In addition, the paper outlines the way in which the core concepts from the book can be implemented at the workplace and their implications to organizations (Bennis, 2000). The main concept of the book bases on the aspect of how dreams are related to leadership. The book focuses on how effective leadership can be modeled basing the aspect of dream. From the book, it is evident that effective leadership comprises of change embracement, mastering the art of leading and embodying the dream in order to mould the character of leadership in a person or within the group context (Bennis, 2000). Leaders are responsible for establishment and implementation of organizational missions; this can be achieved by use of the three concepts outlined in Managing the Dream. The three phases are negotiating the dream, organizing the dream and embodying the dream. Each phase plays a distinctive role in modeling leadership skills at the individual or group level. Negotiating the dream majorly involves the learning the art of leading, and entails having an in depth understanding of managing the dream and the competencies of leadership. In addition, it imperative that leaders be on the leading edge of change and devise appropriate strategies to cope up with the speed and complexity of the present organizational context. Organizing the dream primarily entails deploying leadership aspects at the group or corporate level by use of the social architecture that is effective in the new aspect of global village (Bennis, 2000). This means that global leaders must think on the global level, and so is the implementation of their leadership strategies. The changes in complexity of the business environment pose a major challenge to the leaders of today. The effective le ader should not have a negative attitude towards these changes but instead should focus on ways of developing strategies to cope up with the changes and view them as positive. The next-generation leaders should deploy a leadership strategy that employs dynamism and flexibility to cope with the current complexity in the organizational or group context. Embodying the dream entails modeling the character of effective leadership, that which distinguishes a leader from his followers. Successful managers have distinctive traits from ordinary managers. One of such traits is that a successful leader is charismatic and transformational. A charismatic leader is able to achieve persuasion from his/her followers; he aims at more than just extrinsic rewards and focuses on transformational benefits. A successful leader uses transformational style; implying that a successful leader appeals to his followers and inspires them towards a given direction. In summary, the three big ideas represented in the book are negotiating the dream, which focuses on learning the art of leading; organizing the dream, which focuses on corporate and global leadership; and embodying the dream, which focuses on modeling the leadership character within an individual (Bennis, 2000). The three big ideas can be applied at the workplace in various dimensions. For instance, shared leadership, developing people, empowering people and demonstrating integrity are areas in which the concepts from the book can be applied at the workplace. Empowering people entails motivation of individuals who have already accepted responsibility towards the realization of some goals and objectives. In a business environment, majority of the workforce want to have an influence on the decision-making processes that relate to their areas of technical competence (Bennis, 2000). Global leaders can achieve this through giving employees an opportunity to be leaders in their various areas of technical expertise. Efficient leaders must be able create an open working environment where there is open sharing of information and communication. It is thus the obligation of the successful leader to give opportunities to his staff a chance to be involved in the actual decision making process (Schermerho rn et al, 2005). It requires putting the business goals and objectives rather than more than just personal interests. Demonstrating integrity is one of the requirements of global effective leaders. Effective leader should not only say right things but also implement thing in a right way without violation of the ethical principles. In order to achieve these high levels of integrity, successful leaders must be plain and specific about their values and principles; whether they are self-directed or other-directed. References Bennis, W. G. (2000). Managing the dream : reflections on leadership and change. Cambridge, Mass: Perseus Pub. Schermerhorn, J., Hunt, J., Osborn, R. (2005). Organizational behavior. New York: Wiley.

Perception Of Social Based On The Individual s Social...

Introduction Children assume that members of the in-group are more likely to perform good actions. Those actions performed are more likely to be positively recalled. Over time, this personalized biases will create a foundation, which will shift their perception to produce confirmatory suggestions towards groups of categories. Categorization is a mental representation for a class of objects. Stereotypes are categories that link attributes to certain classes of people. The minimal group effect explores the discrimination between two groups. These two groups are set up to have conflicting ideas, practices, and concepts; which creates discrimination towards the two (Wright, 1997). The anticipated stereotypes categorizes favoritism with the†¦show more content†¦Previous research that explains the minimal group phenomenon is the The Robbers Cave experiment. This was done with eleven-year-old boys unknowingly assigned into two teams. There were challenges set up in order to intensify the confli ct between both groups. This experiment lasted one week and consisted of three stages. The first stage consisted of each team gaining a sense of identity and partnership. It was during the end of this stage that the participants were aware of the opposing team; which created the separation between us versus them. The next stage’s purpose was to intensify the competition between the two teams. This included physical competitive games. The last stage goal was to resolve the conflict made by the negative attitudes towards both teams. The results of this study expressed how positive interdependence, and not solely stopping the negative attitudes, was needed to restore the diverse level of negative social perception between groups (Sherif, 1988). Another experiment that investigated the minimal group phenomenon was with males in the Swiss Army. This explored whether organizations had an important benefit to a selfless cooperation and punishment of the norm violation from within a controlled real world sample. The results of this study expressed that the expected

Reflective Journal on Leadership for Emerald Group - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theReflective Journal on Leadership for Emerald Group. Answer: Leadership is one of the main vital functions of management as it helps in maximizing efficiency of the employees in an organization and thereby helps to achieve different organizational goals. I have realized that by effective leadership, an individual in the managerial position can provide direction and at the same time guide and manipulate different behavior and work of the team members of the employees (Renz 2016)These would help them to accomplish specific goals in a given situation. I have also understood that leadership is the ability of a manger to induce the employees under him to work with zeal and with confidence. By proper leadership, the managers can influence the behaviors of the others. It can be defined as the capacity to persuade the employees to recognize and acknowledge the companys goals and objectives and help them to develop future visions so that they remain motivated and achieve the goals (Nahavandi 2016). According to Keith Davis, Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals. In order to discuss the importance of leadership in a concern, the following actions can be discussed which if conducted properly by the managers will help in overall betterment of the organization. A leader is an individual who should start the work by the means of communicating the policies a well as the plans to the subordinates from the work is initiated. Moreover the best action taken by a managerial leader according to me is to motivate the employees (Grohar-Murray 2016). I have found that motivation of the workers by economic as well as non economic rewards help the leader to get the best work from the subordinates. Moreover the guidance provided by the leaders help the subordinates to achieve their goals effectively and also help them strategically adapt to techniques which help them to accomplish the work faster. Moreover building a proper work environment by the managers by keeping human relationships in mind will help in achieving sound and stable growth of the organizatio n. Moreover he should establish personal contact with the employees and hear their voices and concerns so that they feel respected and cared by the organization. I believe that coordination should be achieved by managers with the help of merging personal interests with organizational aims. This harmonization can be achieved with the help of proper and efficient coordination which should be the key motive of a leader (Finkelman 2015). I should also try to keep these points in my mind so that I get the chance to serve in the position; I can utilize this characteristics to engage my managerial and leadership skills and give the best production to the organization. I have understood the fact that in order to be effective, a managerial leader has to honor certain skills which will help them to master the actions mentioned in the previous paragraph. The important skills that I need to portray to be an effective leader is that I should be inspirational and continuously motivate others. At the same time, I will make sure that I should display high integrity as well as honesty as honesty which are the very important foundations for being a good human being (Goestch and Davis 2014). I will take every initiative to solve any problems or barriers faced by the employees so that they feel that there is someone who is guiding them and do not feel alone in the organization. This will develop their job satisfaction and will prevent development of stress. I will also take an extra initiative to develop proper communication skills to handle the important mediums of communication so that transparency in working procedures are maintained and there remain very l ittle scope of miscommunications and mistrust among each other, one to one conversation, team meetings, email messages, blog post, Skype call should also e mastered by me. Another very important skill is building of relationships between the workers as this is very important for a smooth uninterrupted workplace (Hayton 2015). Developing mutual trust among the employees is extremely important as coordination and collaboration results in high productivity and makes the workplace friendly and harmonious. This will prevent ob stress and increase satisfaction. Other important kills that also need to be mastered by me are developing technical as well as professional practices such as selling or accounting or designing software so that I can become experts in the field and thereby guide employees successfully. I should also master the skill of developing a strategic perspective and help in developing employees with enhancement of their skills and knowledge so that they can become the organ izations next generation leaders. Some of the important theories which have influenced my view and have helped me to develop a strategic approach to prepare myself are the trait theory, Behavioral theory, Likert theory and others. According to trait theory, individuals are born with different characteristics and some of the trait is appropriate to engage in leadership (Avolio and Yanmariono 2013). An efficient leader would be that individual who would have the right combination of traits. Some of the traits according to the skills which I need to develop in myself would be adaptable to situations, show alertness to social environment, being decisive, assertive, dependable, energetic, determined, self confident, understanding to tress and willing to assume responsibility. However the trait mentioned here which is dominant is not accepted by me as I believe that being dominant will have negative impact of the work and mentality of the employees (Fischer et al. 2016). According to the trait theory important skills that need to be developed are being clever, diplomatic and tactful, conceptually skilled, creative, persuasive, socially skilled and many others. It also stated that four important criteria that should be present are emotional stability and composure, intellectual breadth, admitting error and also developing good interpersonal skills. Another theory which opposes the mentioned trait theory is the behavioral their which says that leaders are made but not born. Leadership capability is learned with development of proper behaviors and actions rather than being inherent. This theory says that successful leadership is dependent on definable and learnable behavior. I also believe that no man is born with all good traits but need to develop them with experiences and theoretical knowledge. According to Lewins theory, there are three types of leadership styles like the autocratic, democratic and Laissez Faire. Autocratic leaders take decisions without consulting with others which often leads t high level of discontents, dissatisfaction and turnovers. Employees are not allowed in decision making and their suggestions are not welcomed. Democratic leadership involve the workers in decision making although the process for the final decisions vary on the leaders as he would have the final say (Fernandez et al. 2014). However, such suggestion when taken from workers make them feels happy and content as they feel appreciated and respected in the organization. This increases their zeal to work towards achieving the best outcomes. The next style is the Laissez-Faire style which reduces the leaders contribution in decision making as they allow the workers to take their personal decisions. This is helpful only when workers are capable of making their own; decisions and there is no need for inner coordination. However I have found that it has a negative effect. It may not develop coordination among people working together and many may take decisions which may become harmful for their career or affect the organization as all may not have the capability of effective leadership. This will also delay the working pace. I will be mainly following the democratic leadership styles as evidences show it to be most effective. Likert on the other hand has also proposed a theory called the Likerts leadership styles. This involve exploitive leadership where the leader shows low concern for the people and also uses methods such as intimidation and fear based procedures to achieve conformance. Communication in such style is mainly seen to be downwards and mental distant concerns of the employees are also ignored. I believe that this kind of leadership will make the employees develop negative feelings and they will not be able to out in their best efforts. These would feel disrespected and as a result it would increase turnover and increased job dissatisfaction. A tensed environment can never bring in the best skills of workers (Fernandez et al. 2014). Another leadership style mentioned by him is the benevolent authoritative styles where the leaders shows concerns to people and also utilizes a reward system to encourage appropriate performance. However although communication take place effectively, but the feed back and suggestions are rose tinted that is their communication I limited to the topic or decisions which the leaders wants to hear. Although delegation of decisions may occur, in most cases decisions are ultimately made by leaders centrally (Shattock 2013). I personally do not like this leadership style as the suggestions are sugar coated by the employees to make their boss happy and does not reflect their own concern. This affects the transparency and open mindedness in the workplace. In consultative leadership, upward flow of information occurs but they employees are still cautious and rose tinted to some degree. Leaders make genuine efforts but decisions are largely centrally made. Participants are the best style of leadership as this involves all the members in decision making procedure (Schumann et al. 2014). I thereby like the method as it helps in adopting innovative ideas for achieving goals. Bass' Transformational Leadership Theory praises a transformational leader follow idealized include on the workers with inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualize consideration in the teams (Tourish 2013). They have ethical values which make the workers happy and committed towards organizations vision and mission. Therefore reflecting in my knowledge, I feel that I need to develop proper skills of leadership and develop leadership style like democratic or transformational leadership styles. This would help me as manger to effectively maintain a workforce who will not only be productive but would be happy, satisfied and committed towards organizations goals and objectives. References: Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 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